What are the Different branches of science and technology?

 Branches of ScienceNote: Not all branches are included.
Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created
Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things
Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present
Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures
Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe
Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universeBacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to diseaseBiochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organismsBiophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biologyBiology: the science that studies living organismsBotany: the scientific study of plant lifeChemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable formsChemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself
Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causesComputer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computationEcology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environmentElectronics: science and technology of electronic phenomenaEngineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industryEntomology: the study of insectsEnvironmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environmentForestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resourcesGenetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organismsGeology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and historyMarine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystemsMathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangementMedicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating diseaseMeteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecastingMicrobiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotesMineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of mineralsMolecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular levelNuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atomNeurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disordersOceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processesOrganic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compoundsOrnithology: the study of birdsPaleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periodsPetrology: the geological and chemical study of rocksPhysics: the study of the behavior and properties of matterPhysiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organismsRadiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopesSeismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the EarthTaxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plantsThermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processesZoology: the study of animals

Giving birth to innovative ideas, technical thoughts

KANPUR: Creativity and innovation was at it's best at Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University (CSMU) University, as the annual technical festival Techmart-09 organised by the University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET) kicked-off to a flying start, on Monday.

This is the tradition of providing a platform to innovative ideas and technical thoughts. The event started with technical lecture from IIT-K professor Amitabh Mukherjee, where he discussed cognitive computing and developing robots which can sense emotions and sentiments.

TECHNOLOGICAL INVENTION AND INNOVATION

Invention is the most important product of scientific knowledge.  Without invention, science would be merely inquiry for its own sake, serving few and helping no one. 

Invention involves the discovery of new processes, ideas or tools.  Invention is prioritary, meaning that only a new or previously unknown discovery can be considered an invention, as opposed to the development of an already existing one.  Patenting an invention requires priority, meaning that no one else must have come up with the same (or similar) idea at any previous time.  Patenting involves an exhaustive scrutiny of an idea’s novel qualities and an evaluation of its potential uses by experienced specialists from various fields.  The evaluation of a patent application often requires years before a final determination on award can be made.    

Innovation, on the other hand, involves the use or development of an invention for some useful purpose.  Innovations have often served as the point of departure for new inventions.  Innovation is typically less risky than invention, since it usually deals with known parameters, qualities or quantities.  Invention, on the other hand, often involves a leap unto the unknown, where trial and error, the unexpected or even chance can have a substantial influence on the outcome.  The high risk of invention can act as a deterrent to many organizations and individuals, particularly when rewards cannot be clearly anticipated.

In many ways invention is the wellhead of innovation, even though many inventions are often rooted in existing innovations.  Innovations could therefore not occur without some previous inventive discovery, even though they can come full circle to inspire new inventions.  The relationship between invention and innovation often becomes a synergistic circular flow that reproduces inventive talent for new and varied purposes. 

Technology is the aggregation of all existing inventions and innovations.  Technology can be transferred across borders and between activities, as long as the requisite knowledge and hardware can be made available.  Inventive talent, in contrast, can be transferred only if the individuals possessing it are willing to relocate.  Although inventive capabilities can be learned, considerable amounts of time, education, knowledge and institutional support are typically required for invention to be generated endogenously. 

Societies and economies that concentrate much inventive talent therefore become important sources of invention.  They also become potential sources of much innovation and new technology.  Intangibles play a major role in this process.  The accumulation of creativity, knowledge, skills and experience is a vital prerequisite for any nation or region to become a major source of invention, innovation and new technology.  This process of accumulation requires time, since the talents and intangibles needed may not be widely known, are usually difficult to specify, or may not be marketed at all.              

By measuring the level of patented inventions available for innovation, the concept of innovative capacity therefore provides an indication of the potential or capacity for innovation.  This indicator can also serve as a measure of inventive output.  Because only inventions that have passed the rigorous patent review process are used, its reliability as a measure of invention is typically very high.

Agent Oriented Dynamic info System (MasterKube)

Technology Description

"This technology is a software program that improves the tracking system of sequential inputs for databases without the need to program additional database software subroutines."

• The MasterKube technology is software for tracking inputs into an existing database.
• "The technology moves database transactions to "process interactions", to which the underlying database is transparent. A software layer between the users and the underlying database is part of the architecture of the solution." 
• The software solves the problem of having to code additional algorithms to monitor or track sequential inputs. 
• The software designer created the program to improve tracking systems of data that are more reflective of a sequential series of inputs. 
• "The technology is applicable where considerable software and database development effort is expended within organizations like banks or HR departments." 
• The technology was developed to help IT departments of all sizes spend less time programming database management systems. 
• The inventor is a software engineer who is trying to radically change the way software is currently structured from a pyramid of algorithms and subroutines into software that better reflects the structure of a business. 
• The software was developed in India. 
• The technology is inserted onto an existing database software program and does not work as a stand-alone product. 
• The software is algebraic in nature (pi calculus) rather than based on algorithms. 

Organic SiO2

Technology Description

"This technology turns harvested plants with a high silica content (between 20 and 30% SiO2) into ash through the use of a furnace. The ash is combined with other organic sources to create compost that can release solvent potassium silicate at a rate corresponding to crops' mineral intake needs."

• Organic silica is a biological material that comes from natural plant sources such as horsetail, rice hulls, and soy husks . 
• Other forms of silica, which are commonly referred to as sand, come from natural deposits or are created chemically or as byproducts of mining operations and would not be classified as organic. 
• Silica manufactured in this manner could be used by organic farmers to meet their desires to find natural sources of silica. The inventor designed the material to be made on an individual farming site so as to avoid transportation costs which also meets organic farmers' desires to make or purchase supplies locally. 
• The inventor is an organic farmer himself who was looking for a means to replenish lost silica in soil which is becoming a greater problem throughout his home country of India as more and more farmers have turned to traditional methods of farming which includes using chemicals as a single source of providing plant nutrition. 
• The product will add an additional step to the composting process that is already carried out by organic farmers or suppliers of farmers. 
• The technology is unique in that the silica comes in a form that can be used by the plants and has been designed using a crop that has a high silica content as compared to other silica containing plants. 

Method for Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Infectious Agents

The sensitive and accurate detection of spores and other infectious agents is essential in clinical environments and biodefense applications. Because of the excellent sensitivities obtained, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are widely used for detection purposes. However, many difficulties are observed with present PCR methods, including poor specificity, high percentage of false positives due to poor specificity, and the requirement of multiple gene probes to confirm identification. Further, current PCR-based detection systems require complex cell lysis and nucleic acid extraction procedures before detection assays can be performed. Therefore, improved methods are needed to allow sensitive detection of infectious agents.

We have linked the sensitivity of PCR with the selectivity of surface-based binding agents, such as antibodies or RNA aptamers, to generate an ultra-sensitive detection method applicable to a range of pathogens and cancer cells. No extraction steps are required, speeding assay time

Antibodies or RNA aptamers adhere with great selectivity to cancer cells, virus capsids, or bacterial spores. Nucleic acid oligonucleotides attached to the binding agents are brought into proximity allowing sensitive real-time PCR amplification. Greatly improved sensitivity has been achieved through this amplification method over standard antibody-based assays, while maintaining virtually no background. Cancer cells can be detected in midst of 10,000-fold excess healthy cells. With some bacterial spores, as few as a single spore can be detected by this method

Further, the use of antibody or other binding agents to select the pathogen cells allows multiple isolates and species to be detected, broadening the detection net and reducing the effects associated with genetic mutation. When adapting this approach to a new target assay, different antibodies can be linked to the same set of optimized oligonucleotides to speed product development cycle time. This methodology can be adapted for surface- or solution-based detection of bioterrorism threats and as a diagnostic tool for a range of disease-causing agents.

Benefits

• Reduction in false positives and false negatives 
• Cell lysis or extraction not required 
• Detection limits as low as one spore

Features

• Does not rely on genomic nucleic acids 
• Can detect spores, viruses, or cancer cells via their surface antigens 
• Can provide both static and dynamic readouts of the proximity of antigens on the cell surface

Market Potential/Applications

This technology can be applied in several markets, including molecular diagnostics, biodefense applications, research and development, and environmental monitoring in hospital, biomanufacturing and other clean air settings.

IP Status

One U.S. Patent Application filed

Technology for LED Applied Technology of Edge Lighting Advertising Equipments

This technology is for LED Applied technology of edge lighting advertising equipments which may present light color variables by on/off and daylight dimming control of 3 primary colors(red color, blue color, green color) light emission diode(LED). The edge lighting advertising equipments of this technology is composed of firstly variable color control device of light emission diode by on/off and PWM control of each light emission diode using light emission diode module device by combination properly of red, blue, green color light emission diode and micro controller, secondly light emission diode reflection plate device designed to emit various light colors after combination of 3 major wave length lights generated by light emission diode of 3 primary colors (red, blue, green color) through above light emission diode control device and thirdly presenting device showing smooth advertisement effect by deflecting variable color light generated by above light emission diode reflection plate device by advertisement letters graved with various angles on transparent material plate like acrylic plate. Light colors more than 24bit (16,777,216) may be varied within 10 msec by this composition, and decorating and advertising effects can be maximized by presenting these kinds of variable colors vaguely and smoothly by edge lighting presenting device, which makes another feature of the technology. Using high brightness LED light source in edge lighting advertisement where fluorescent light, etc. was used traditionally is a new trend. The appearance of various light sources contributed to variety of lighting advertisement design, and further various change of lighting advertisement is expected according to the trend of LED technology.

Area of Application

This technology is expected to be used as lighting equipments of letter or pattern in interior architectural work of commercial facilities, etc. the merit is no design limit in size, shape etc. compared with existent edge advertisement of fluorescent light, etc. and positive effect on advertisement may be expected by attracting public gazes due to color change.